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following information was generated from the Hazardous Substances Databank
(HSDB), a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov)
on August 18, 2000. Query: Information added from CHEMID: acetic acid Chemid
Name: vosol [64-19-7] Registry Numbers: 64-19-7 1 NAME: ACETIC ACID HSN:
40 RN: 64-19-7 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS: HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS: WORKERS EXPOSED
FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS TO CONCN OF UP TO 200 PPM HAVE BEEN FOUND TO SUFFER
FROM PALPEBRAL EDEMA WITH HYPERTROPHY OF LYMPH NODES, CONJUNCTIVAL HYPEREMIA.
... FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURES, WORKERS MAY COMPLAIN OF DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
WITH PYROSIS AND CONSTIPATION. SKIN ON PALMS OF HANDS ... BECOME DRY, CRACKED
AND HYPERKERATOTIC. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational
Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour
Office, 1983. 37]**PEER REVIEWED** ... STUDIED 5 WORKERS EXPOSED 7-12 YEARS
TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS (80-200 PPM @ PEAK CONCN). THE PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
WERE BLACKENING & HYPERKERATOSIS OF THE SKIN ... . [Patty, F. (ed.).
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York:
Interscience Publishers, 1963. 1779]**PEER REVIEWED** SKIN SENSITIZATION
TO ACETIC ACID IS RARE, BUT HAS OCCURRED. [Patty, F. (ed.). Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers,
1963. 1778]**PEER REVIEWED** /IN/ ... WORKERS EXPOSED FOR 7-12 YR @ CONCN
OF 60 PPM, PLUS 1 HR DAILY @ 100-200 PPM ... /SOME INVESTIGATORS/ FOUND
CONJUNCTIVITIS, BRONCHITIS, PHARYNGITIS, & EROSION OF EXPOSED TEETH
... . [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes
I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 6]**PEER REVIEWED** BOTH /ACETIC/
ACID & ITS ANHYDRIDE ... ARE POTENT LACRIMATORS. [Hamilton, A., and
H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences
Group, Inc., 1974. 349]**PEER REVIEWED** Six patients with frequent episodes
of symptomatic hypotension during acetate dialysis were treated with bicarbonate
dialysis. In all patients, blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial acid-base
values were monitored every 30 min during each of the 5 treatments with
acetate dialysis and bicarbonate dialysis. Hemodynamic parameters were measured
in all patients during bicarbonate dialysis and in three of them also during
acetate dialysis. Long-term monitoring with electroencephalography was performed
during both bicarbonate and acetate dialysis. During acetate dialysis, the
patients showed a frequent onset of sudden hypotension and arrhythmia with
concomitant symptoms of the so-called disequilibrium syndrome. None of these
symptoms were seen during bicarbonate dialysis. /Acetate/ [Hampl H et al;
Artif Organs 6 (4): 410-6 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** ... As little as 1.0
ml of glacial acetic acid has resulted in perforation of the esophagus.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA
- Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo.
81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.
2]**PEER REVIEWED** ... Unacclimatized humans experience extreme eye and
nasal irritation at concentrations in excess of 25 ppm; conjunctivitis from
concentrations below 10 ppm has been reported. ... Glacial (100%) acetic
acid ... has caused permanent corneal opacification. [Mackison, F. W., R.
S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981.,p.
1-2]**PEER REVIEWED** ... A splash of vinegar (4 to 10% acetic acid soln)
in the human eye causes immediate pain and conjunctival hyperemia, sometimes
with injury of the corneal epithelium. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff,
and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines
for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** Bronchopneumonia
and pulmonary edema may develop following acute overexposure. Chronic exposure
may result in pharyngitis and catarrhal bronchitis. Ingestion, though not
likely to occur in industry, may result in penetration of the esophagus,
bloody vomiting, diarrhea, shock, hemolysis, and hemoglobinuria ... followed
by anuria. [Sittig M; Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals p.20-21
(1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** In two patients accidental application of acetic
acid followed very quickly by irrigation with water resulted in immediate
corneal opacification. The corneas cleared sufficiently in a few days to
reveal severe iritis and small pupils fixed by posterior synechias. Regeneration
of the epithelium took many months, but corneal anesthesia and opacity were
permanent. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL:
Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 39]**PEER REVIEWED** SYMPTOMATOLOGY (AFTER
INGESTION OR SKIN CONTACT): 1) CORROSION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF MOUTH, THROAT,
AND ESOPHAGUS, WITH IMMEDIATE PAIN AND DYSPHAGIA. THE NECROTIC AREAS ARE
AT FIRST GRAYISH WHITE BUT SOON ACQUIRE A BLACKISH DISCOLORATION AND SOMETIMES
A SHRUNKEN OR WRINKLED TEXTURE; THE PROCESS IS DESCRIBED AS A "COAGULATION
NECROSIS." 2) EPIGASTRIC PAIN, WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH NAUSEA
AND THE VOMITING OF MUCOID AND "COFFEE-GROUND" MATERIAL. AT TIMES,
GASTRIC HEMORRHAGE MAY BE INTENSE, AND THE VOMITUS THEN CONTAINS FRESH BLOOD.
PROFOUND THIRST. 3) ULCERATION OF ALL MEMBRANES AND TISSUES WITH WHICH THE
ACID COMES IN CONTACT ... . 4) CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE WITH CLAMMY SKIN, WEAK
AND RAPID PULSE, SHALLOW RESPIRATIONS, AND SCANTY URINE. CIRCULATORY SHOCK
IS OFTEN THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF DEATH. 5) ASPHYXIAL DEATH DUE TO GLOTTIC
EDEMA. 6) LATE ESOPHAGEAL, GASTRIC AND PYLORIC STRICTURES AND STENOSES,
WHICH MAY REQUIRE MAJOR SURGICAL REPAIR, SHOULD BE ANTICIPATED. SIGNS OF
OBSTRUCTION COMMONLY APPEAR WITHIN A FEW WEEKS BUT MAY BE DELAYED FOR MONTHS
AND EVEN YEARS. PERMANENT SCARS MAY ALSO APPEAR IN THE CORNEA, SKIN AND
OROPHARYNX. 7) UNCORRECTED CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE OF SEVERAL HOURS' DURATION
MAY LEAD TO RENAL FAILURE AND ISCHEMIC LESIONS IN THE LIVER AND HEART. [Gosselin,
R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-102]**PEER REVIEWED**
Long-term exposure can lead to darkening of the skin, erosion of tooth enamel
and chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract. [Anon; Canadian Centre
for Occupational Health and Safety L8N 1H6 14p (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The use of Silastic Medical Adhesive Type A in the fabrication of facial
prostheses may cause health hazards to the patient and the operator because
of acetic acid emissions. Caution must be exercised to remove acetic acid
vapors from the air and unliberated acetic acid from material applied directly
to the skin. [McElroy TH et al; J Prosthet Dent 53 (1): 86-7 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED** LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ORGANIC ACIDS SUCH AS ACETIC ARE STRONG
IRRITANTS BUT SOMEWHAT LESS CORROSIVE THAN THE MINERAL ACIDS. [Gosselin,
R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products.
5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-10]**PEER REVIEWED**
PURE ACETIC ACID IS TOXIC BY INGESTION, & INHALATION ... . [Sax, N.I.
and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th
ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** A human
poison... . Moderately toxic by various routes. A severe eye and skin irritant.
Human systemic effects by ingestion: changes in the esophagus, ulceration
or bleeding from the small and large intestines. Human systemic irritant
effects and mucous membrane irritant. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties
of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1996. 12]**PEER REVIEWED** Produces burns of the skin. ... Ingestion
may cause severe corrosion of mouth & tract, with vomiting, hematemesis,
diarrhea, circulatory collapse, uremia, death. Chronic exposure may cause
erosion of dental enamel, bronchitis, eye irritation ... . [Budavari, S.
(ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals.
Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 9]**PEER REVIEWED** A case study
is reported where an individual ingested 200 ml of an 80% solution of acetic
acid. ... Repeated shock due to myocardial infarction and massive intestinal
bleeding led to an organic brain psychosyndrome. [Hakenbeck H et al; Z Urol
Nephrol 77 (5): 311-4 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED** A 37 year old man who worked
as a maintenance fitter developed both reversible airways obstruction and
steroid responsive interstitial pneumonitis after accidental exposure to
glacial acetic acid. He was exposed to a blow back of the acid in a petrochemical
works, and suffered first degree burns on the face and arms. He developed
progressive exertional dyspnea, limiting him to quiet walking on flat areas.
Physical examination revealed burns to the face and arms and inspiratory
basal crackles. Chest radiograph indicated patchy bilateral reticulonodular
infiltration dominantly of the bases. Even after 3 months, there was no
improvement in his condition. Bronchoscopy showed widespread bronchial inflammatory
changes. A doubling of macrophages and a ten fold increase in lymphocytes
were noted which amounted to 34% of the total inflammatory cells. A diffuse,
moderate, mainly mononuclear, interstitial pneumonitis was noted on transbronchial
biopsy. He was treated with high dose nebulized bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
A prompt and sustained improvement was noted in spirometry and clearing
of his chest radiograph. Progress was maintained for at least 18 months.
[Rajan KG, Davies BH; Br J Ind Med 46 (1): 67-68 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Two patients admitted after ingestion of 80% acetic acid are described.
Only the first patient developed hemolysis, slight intravascular coagulation
and oliguric kidney insufficiency. They were treated with a nasogastric
tube and total parenteral feeding. During the first week after admission
urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, alanine-aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase
was significantly increased. The patients remained hemodynamically stable
and did not develop fever. The above-mentioned elevated excretions returned
to normal levels. Both patients showed similar patterns of tubular proteinuria.
The observations in the second patient suggest a direct toxic effect of
acetic acid on the proximal tubule of the kidney. [Schardijn GH et al; Ned
Tijdschr Geneeskd 133 (11): 556-59 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** The ototoxicity
of an otic drop preparation containing 2% acetic acid and 3% propylene glycol
... was investigated according to measurements of endocochlear potential
and inner ear fluid pH. The application of this preparation to the round
window membrane for 30 minutes caused a depression in endocochlear potential
from 80.5 +/- 2.5 mV (mean +/- SD; n= 6) to 11.7 +/- 7.7 mV, and lowered
inner ear fluid pH from 7.55 +/- 0.09 to 5.06 +/- 0.19 (n= 6) in perilymph
and from 7.52 +/- 0.07 to 5.88 +/- 0.63 (n= 6) in endolymph. Two percent
acetic acid produced similar changes after 30 minutes: endocochlear potential
was reduced from 83.0 +/- 2.2 mV to 34.0 +/- 2.9 mV and endolymphatic pH
from 7.49 +/- 0.04 to 6.83 +/- 0.21 (n= 4). However, the application of
artificial perilymph of pH 4 titrated with hydrochloric acid induced no
significant changes in either endocochlear potential or endolymphatic pH.
[Ideda K, Morizono T; Am J Otolaryngol 10 (6): 382-85 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A 22 year old woman developed anaphylactic reations to pure ethyl alcohol
(ethanol) and an immediate type allergy to acetic acid. Prick tests with
ethyl alcohol, wine, and beer were negative, whereas vinegar and acetic
acid (9.6 and 0.96%) gave +++ reactions. Control tests with acetic acid
in 10 patients yielded negative or (+) reactions to the 9.6% concentration
and negative reactions to the 0.96% concentration. Oral provocation tests
led to severe anaphylaxis with urticaria, facial flushing, itching of the
mucous membranes, hoarseness, dyspnea, tachycardia, and painful uterine
cramps after the ingestion of one ml of ethyl alcohol or 50 ml of beer.
The severe anaphylactic reation after ingestion of as little as one ml of
ethyl alcohol associated with a +++ prick test reaction to acetic acid in
a definitely non-irritating concentration strongly suggests that the patient's
anaphylactic reactions are based on an immediate type allergy to acetic
acid, the main metabolite of ethyl alcohol. [Przybilla B, Ring J; Lancet
1 (Feb 26): 483 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** A case study is reported where
an individual ingested 200 ml of an 80% solution of acetic acid. The patient
survived the intoxication by use of hemodialysis and intensive care therapy.
Repeated shock due to myocardial infarction and massive intestinal bleeding
led to an organic brain psychosyndrome. [Hakenbeck H et al; Z Urol Nephrol
77 (5): 311-4 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:
... Eye irritation has been noted at a concentration below 10 ppm. [Mackison,
F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER
REVIEWED** The vapor of acetic acid is irritating to the eyes and nose,
causing lacrimation and hyperemia. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd
ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 40]**PEER REVIEWED**
Irritating concn: 25 mg/cu m. [Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg J 47: A142-51 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Strong irritant to skin & tissue. [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis,
Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** Respiratory irritant [Ellenhorn,
M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of
Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.
889]**PEER REVIEWED** DRUG WARNINGS: The antiseptic ... 0.25% acetic acid
was directly applied to cultured human fibroblasts to quantitatively assess
its cytotoxicity. It was cytotoxic and adversely affected wound healing
in an animal model. Comparison of bactericidal and cytotoxic effects of
serial dilutions indicated that cellular toxicity exceeded its bacterial
potency. ... This experiment provides evidence that 0.25% acetic acid is
unsuitable for use in wound care. [Lineaweaver W, et al; Arch Surg 120 (3):
267-70 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE: EMPLOYMENT & PERIODIC
MEDICAL EXAM SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT TO ENSURE THAT WORKERS WITH RESP AILMENTS,
SKIN DISORDERS OR KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS ARE /PROTECTED FROM EXPOSURE/ TO
ACETIC ACID. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational
Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour
Office, 1983. 38]**PEER REVIEWED** Employees should be screened for history
of ... /chronic respiratory, skin and, eye diseases/ ... which might place
the employee at an increased risk from acetic acid exposure. [Mackison,
F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER
REVIEWED** POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK: Employees with /chronic respiratory,
skin, or eye disease are/ at increased risk from acetic acid exposure. [Mackison,
F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER
REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE: Acetic acid detn in rainwater.
[Gillett RW, Ayers GP; Anal Chim Acta 177: 273-7 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 595,346 workers
(236,213 of these are female) are potentially exposed to acetic acid in
the US(1). Acetic acid occurs ubiquitously and is a normal metabolite in
animals; therefore, the general population is continually exposed to the
compound. Primary routes of exposure to the general population are through
consumption of foods and inhalation of air. Occupational exposure occurs
through inhalation and dermal contact(SRC). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational
Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Emission of acetic acid
during extrusion of polyethylene resins was measured as < 0.17 lbs/million
lbs for blown film and blow molding and ranged from < 0.17 to 2.0 lbs/million
lbs for extrusion coating (higher value for extrusion at higher melt temperature)(1).
[(1) Barlow A et al; J Air & Waste Manage Assoc 46: 569-80 (1996)]**PEER
REVIEWED** BODY BURDEN: Acetic acid was qualitatively detected in 2 of 12
human milk samples collected from volunteers in four US cities(1). Acetic
acid at 19.9 mg/day was measured from non-specified human emissions(2).
[(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982) (2)
Otson R, Fellin P; in Gas Pollut: Charactization and Cycling. Nriagu JO
(ed), NY,NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** AVERAGE
DAILY INTAKE: AIR INTAKE: Assume ambient atmospheric concns of 0.1-1.6 ug/cu
m(1); 2-32 ug/day; WATER INTAKE: insufficient data; FOOD INTAKE: insufficient
data(SRC). [(1) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED** EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMT
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FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR
TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver,
Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution
of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex'
copyrights and is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** ACIDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record
chemical. LIFE SUPPORT: o This overview assumes that basic life support
measures have been instituted. CLINICAL EFFECTS: SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1
ACUTE EXPOSURE o INGESTION - Oral ingestion may produce mild to moderately
severe oral and esophageal burns with more severe burns occurring in the
stomach. Perforations are rare but may occur. The pyloric end of the stomach
is most severely affected and is the site of delayed stricture occurring
generally at 3 weeks after the ingestion. 1. Initial signs and symptoms
may not reliably predict the extent of injury to the gastrointestinal tract.
o DERMAL - Severe dermal burns may occur with dermal exposure. Complications
seen with dermal burns include cellulitis, sepsis, contractures, osteomyelitis,
and systemic toxicity from absorbed acid. Chromic acid burns can result
in systemic toxicity. o INHALATION - Inhalation of acid vapors, mists or
aerosols may result in dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia,
bronchospasm, pneumonitis, tracheobronchitis and persistent pulmonary function
abnormalities. Pulmonary dysfunction similar to asthma has been reported.
o EYE - Irritation may develop after exposure to mists, aerosols or vapors.
Splash contact may cause corneal erosions. HEENT 0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Eye exposure may result in pain, swelling, corneal erosions and blindness.
CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Cardiovascular collapse may develop
soon after severe poisonings. Cardiac ischemia may occur after several hours
of uncorrected circulatory collapse. RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Exposure to acids may produce dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, pulmonary
edema, hypoxemia, bronchospasm, pneumonitis, and persistent pulmonary function
abnormalities. Airway hyperreactivity has also been reported. 1. The onset
of respiratory symptoms may be delayed for several hours. NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1
ACUTE EXPOSURE o Abnormal neuropsychologic function has been reported following
hydrochloric acid exposure from a leaking tanker truck. GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Ingestion of acids may result in burns, gastrointestinal
bleeding, gastritis, perforations, dilation, edema, necrosis, vomiting,
stenosis, fistula, and duodenal/jejunal injury. HEPATIC 0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Systemic toxicity may result in acute hepatic injury. Hepatic injury has
been reported following chronic exposure to chromic acid. GENITOURINARY
0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE o Renal failure is a rare complication of severe
poisonings. Hemoglobinuria may develop secondary to hemolysis. Nephritis
may develop after hydrochloric acid ingestion. ACID-BASE 0.2.11.1 ACUTE
EXPOSURE o Metabolic acidosis may be noted following significant acid ingestion
and may be due to systemic absorption of acid. Acidosis may also be secondary
to severe chemical burns and shock. FLUID-ELECTROLYTE 0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Massive fluid and electrolyte shifts may occur with extensive dermal or
gastrointestinal burns. Hyperkalemia may occur with hemolysis. Hyperphosphatemia,
hypocalcemia and hyperchloremia have been reported. HEMATOLOGIC 0.2.13.1
ACUTE EXPOSURE o Hemolysis may occur following significant acid ingestion.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation has been reported. DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1
ACUTE EXPOSURE o Chemical burns to the skin are often associated with concurrent
thermal burns and trauma. Complications seen with thermal burns including
cellulitis, sepsis, contractures, osteomyelitis, may occur as well as systemic
toxicity from absorbed acid. Deep or extensive burns may require grafting.
0.2.14.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE o Prolonged or repeated exposure to chromic acid
mist can result in dermatitis. Ulcerations may also occur. IMMUNOLOGIC 0.2.19.1
ACUTE EXPOSURE o Hypersensitivity has been reported. LABORATORY: o Obtain
baseline CBC and lytes, if needed. TREATMENT OVERVIEW: SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o EMESIS CONTRAINDICATED - Do not induce vomiting, do not give bicarbonate
to neutralize. Activated charcoal is of no value. Passing a nasogastric
or orogastric tube into the stomach is controversial at this time. o IRRIGATION
- Irrigate all contaminated areas with copious amounts of water. ORAL EXPOSURE
o MUCOSAL DECONTAMINATION: If no respiratory compromise is present, dilute
immediately with milk or water; use no more than 8 ounces in adults and
4 ounces in children. o GASTRIC DECONTAMINATION: Ipecac is contraindicated.
Consider insertion of a small, flexible nasogastric or orogastric tube to
suction gastric contents after recent large ingestions; the risk of further
mucosal injury must be weighed against potential benefits. C. ENDOSCOPY:
Because acid ingestion may cause severe gastric burns with relatively few
initial signs and symptoms, endoscopic evaluation is recommended within
24 hours in any patient with a definite history of ingesting a strong acid,
even if asymptomatic. If burns are found, follow 10 to 20 days later with
a barium swallow. XB D. PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT: Corticosteroids are controversial.
Consider use in second degree burns within 48 hours of ingestion in patients
without gastrointestinal bleeding or evidence of perforation. Antibiotics
are indicated for suspected perforation or infection and in patients receiving
corticosteroids. XB E. SURGICAL OPTIONS: Initially, if severe esophageal
burns are found a string may be placed in the stomach to facilitate later
dilation. Insertion of a specialized nasogastric tube after confirmation
of a circumferential burn may prevent strictures. Dilation is indicated
after 2 to 4 weeks if strictures are confirmed; if unsuccessful, either
colonic intraposition or gastric tube placement may be performed. Consider
early laparotomy in patients with severe esophageal and/or gastric burns.
INHALATION EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor
for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty in breathing develops,
evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer
100 percent humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as
required. o INHALATION INJURY: Administer oxygen, obtain chest x-ray and
blood gases and, if pulmonary edema is present, consider PEEP. Steroids
may provide benefit but antibiotics are useful only if there is evidence
of infection. 1. Evaluate for esophageal and other burns in severe cases.
2. Monitor patient for respiratory distress; if a cough or difficulty in
breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis,
and pneumonia. EYE EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Exposed eyes should be irrigated
with copious amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation,
pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should
be seen in a health care facility. o IRRIGATION: In a medical facility,
irrigate with sterile saline for at least an hour or until the superior
and inferior cul-de-sacs have been examined for particulate matter and returned
to neutrality (pH paper touched to lower cul-de-sac). o EYE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT:
It may take 48 to 72 hours after the burn to correctly assess the degree
of ocular damage. The basis of such an evaluation is the degree of corneal
opacification and perilimbal whitening. o EYE DAMAGE TREATMENT: If ocular
damage is minor, topical mydriatics and antibiotics may be sufficient. If
more extensive, one or more of the following may be tried, only with ophthalmologic
consultation: acetazolamide, timolol, steroids, EDTA, cysteine, NAC, penicillamine,
tetracycline, soft contact lenses, insertion of a methylmethacrylate ring,
or saran wrap suturing. DERMAL EXPOSURE o DECONTAMINATION: Wash exposed
area extremely thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine
the area if irritation or pain persists. RANGE OF TOXICITY: o Undiluted
acids are caustic especially to the oropharynx and pyloric end of the stomach.
Dilute solutions are less hazardous. ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES: NON-HUMAN
TOXICITY EXCERPTS: ... DEATH OF 2 OUT OF SIX HORSES DOSED ... WITH 15 L
OF A 2.5% SOLUTION OF ACETIC ACID; TWO OTHER HORSES WERE SERIOUSLY AFFECTED
AND ALL SHOWED SYMPTOMS OF ENTERITIS. ... DULLNESS, LOSS OF APPETITE, RED
AND JAUNDICED APPEARANCE OF THE VISIBLE MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND RAPID PULSE
AND RESPIRATION. POST MORTEM FINDINGS INCLUDED HEMORRHAGES IN THE SMALL
INTESTINE AND ITS MESENTERY, HYPEREMIA OF THE MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES, DIPHTHERITIC
INFLAMMATION OF THE SMALL COLON WITH SUBSEROUS HEMORRHAGES AND EDEMA OF
THE RECTUM. [Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys. Veterinary
Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 171]**PEER REVIEWED**
... CONCN OF ACETIC ACID OF 0.5% OR MORE WERE FATAL TO RABBITS IF GIVEN
ORALLY OR PER RECTUM. [Clarke, M. L., D. G. Harvey and D. J. Humphreys.
Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1981. 171]**PEER
REVIEWED** STUDIES ON EFFECT OF ACETIC ACID ON GUINEA PIG SKIN INDICATE
THAT CONCN FROM 80% TO GLACIAL PRODUCE SEVERE BURNS; FROM 50-80%, MODERATE
TO SEVERE BURNS; & BELOW 50%, RELATIVELY MILD INJURY. [Patty, F. (ed.).
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York:
Interscience Publishers, 1963. 1778]**PEER REVIEWED** Suckling rats were
exposed to one of three soln, 2.6X10-3 M lead acetate, 5X10-3 M acetic acid
or water, from parturition until the pups were 18 days old. Male offspring
from dams on acetic acid demonstrated above normal preweaning body weights
and were significantly less active than normals in the open field by day
44. [Barrett J, Livesey PJ; Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 4 (1): 105-8 (1982)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Acetic acid is harmful to aquatic life. High concentrations will
produce pH levels toxic to oxidizing bacteria, inhibiting oxygen demand.
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.1
(1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Liquid glacial acetic acid causes devastating injury
when applied to the eyes of rabbits. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye.
3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 39]**PEER REVIEWED**
/ACETIC ACID/ ... PENETRATES INTACT CORNEAL EPITHELIUM RAPIDLY & REACHES
IRIS IN CONCN HIGH ENOUGH TO CAUSE IRITIS. [Klaassen, C.D., M.O. Amdur,
Doull J. (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons.
5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995. 589]**PEER REVIEWED** Ethanol and
its metabolites acetaldehyde and acetic acid were injected into the eggs
during incubation, and the course of the egg development was observed during
21 days covering 3 stages (early, middle, and terminal). Lethal eggs occurred
mainly in the early stage. The toxicity was the highest for acetaldehyde,
followed by ethanol and acetic acid in decreasing order. Chickens with some
deformities were hatched from treated eggs. A strong resemblance was shown
between the deformities in the chickens during the early stage of development
and the fetal alc syndrome in man at the 3rd month of gestation. [Kawamoto
K; Nichidai Igaku Zasshi 40 (3): 249-59 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** ... Inhalation
of 16,000 ppm killed one of six exposed rats. ... Minor changes in respiration
in guinea pigs inhaling 5 ppm acetic acid, with more pronounced effects
at 100 ppm. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure
Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 6]**PEER
REVIEWED** A major class of disinfection by-products found in drinking water
are the haloacetic acids. Haloacetic acids can be formed by a variety of
processes, e.g. chloroacetic acids can be formed during chlorination and
bromoacetic acids can be by-products of ozonation. Both dichloro- and trichloroacetic
acids have been reported to be teratogenic. There is little information
regarding the developmental toxicity of bromoacetates and no structure-activity
analysis of haloacetates. Therefore, 3-6 somite CD-1 mouse embryos were
exposed to acetic acid (AA), or mono (M), di (D), and tri (T) substituted
chloro (C) or bromo (B)-acetic acids (A) (e.g. DCA= dichloroacetic acid)
in whole embryo culture and the morphological effects were evaluated. Conceptuses
exposed to these agents for 24 hours exhibited malformations. Neural tube
defects ranged from prosencephalic hypoplasia to non-closure throughout
the cranial region. Other craniofacial defects included optic, otic and
pharyngeal arch dysmorphogenesis. Benchmark concentrations (BC) for a 5%
increase in NTDs for the studied chemicals in order of increasing potency
are dichloroacetic acid (2452 uM)less than acetic acid (1888 uM) less than
tribromoacetic acid (1403 uM) less than trichloroacetic acid (1336 uM) less
than dibromoacetic acid (162 uM) less than monochloroacetic acid (91.5 uM)
less than monobromoacetic acid (2.68 uM). Quantitative structure-activity
relationships were derived from these data and other (iodo(I) and fluoro
(F)) haloacetic acid data not presented (monoiodoacetic acid, monofluoroacetic
acid, difluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid). The best regression was
derived by excluding acetic acid (n=10) and relating log (1/BC) to Elumo
and pKa with r = 0.96, adj.r2 = 0.90. These studies indicate that all of
the haloacetates can directly alter development and there is a wide range
of concentration that produce dysmorphogenesis. [Rogers EH et al; Teratology
51 (3): 195 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES: LC50 Guinea
pig inhalation 5,000 ppm/1 hr [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental
Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
1983. 146]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Mouse inhalation 5,000 ppm/1 hr [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 146]**PEER REVIEWED** LDL0 Rabbit rectal
600 mg/kg [ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual.
Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982. 2]**PEER
REVIEWED** Pseudomonas putida (bacteria) 2850 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication
inhibition [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat oral 3.53 g/kg [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia
of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989.
9]**PEER REVIEWED** ECOTOXICITY VALUES: LC50 Fathead minnows > 315 mg/l/1
hr; 122 mg/l/24 hr; 92 mg/l/48 hr; 88 mg/l/72 hr; 88 mg/l/96 hr (static
bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 deg C) [Verschueren, K. Handbook
of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Fathead minnows 175 mg/l/1
hr; 106 mg/l/24 hr; 106 mg/l/48 hr; 79 mg/l/72 hr; 79 mg/l/96 hr (static
bioassay in reconstituted water at 18-22 deg C, pH < 5.9) [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Culex (larvae)
1,500 mg/l/24-48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 146]**PEER REVIEWED** LD0 Creek chub
100 mg/l/24 hr; Detroit river /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** LD100 Creek chub
200 mg/l/24 hr; Detroit river /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Daphnia magna
(Arthropoda) 47 mg/l/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Bluegill
75 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook
of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Lepomis macrochirus 100-1000
mg/l/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook
of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Mosquito fish 251 mg/l/24-96
hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental
Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Goldfish: lethal dose at 423 mg/l 20 hr, period
of survival at pH 6.8 is 48 hr to 4 days at 100 ppm; period of survival
at pH 7.3 is 4 days at 10 ppm [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental
Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Sunfish 75 mg/l/96 hr 18-20 deg C, soft
water [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft)
p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Shrimp 100-300 mg/l/48 hr aerated water
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic Acid (Draft) p.76
(1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** TLm Brine shrimp 22 mg/l/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay
not specified/ [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic
Acid (Draft) p.76 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Microcystis aeruginosa (algae)
90 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition [Verschueren, K. Handbook
of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Scenedesmus quadricauda (green
algae) 4000 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Entosiphon sulcatum
(protozoa) 78 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** Uronema parduczi
Chatton-Lwoff (protozoa) 1350 mg/l toxic effect: cell multiplication inhibition
[Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd
ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED**
TLm Brine shrimp (Arthropoda) 42-32 mg/l/24-48 hr /Conditions of bioassay
not specified/ [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic
Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER
REVIEWED** EC50 Corn fumigation 50.1 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Soybean
fumigation 20.1 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren, K. Handbook
of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Tobacco fumigation 41.2 mg/cu
m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data
of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983.
145]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Alfalfa fumigation 7.8 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect:
leaf injury [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED**
EC50 Wheat fumigation 23.3 mg/cu m/2 hr, effect: leaf injury [Verschueren,
K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York,
NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 145]**PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS:
METABOLISM/METABOLITES: Acetic acid ... is readily metabolized by most tissues
and may give rise to the production of ketone bodies as intermediates. In
vitro experiments have demonstrated that acetate is incorporated into phospholipids,
neutral lipids, sterols, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in a
variety of human and animal tissue preparations. ... Metabolism of 14(C)
acetate in mice resulted in radiolabel associated with the protein fractions
of plasma and most major tissues. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.).
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology.
3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 4911]**PEER REVIEWED** ABSORPTION,
DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION: Acetic acid is absorbed from the GI tract
and through the lung. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed.
New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 4911]**PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS:
The effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid upon testicular production
of testosterone was studied utilizing the isolated perfused rat testes.
In addition the effects of 4-methylpyrazole and methylene blue were evaluated
alone and with the addition of ethanol, finally, the effect of penicillamine
alone and with the addition of acetaldehyde to the perfusion medium was
assessed. No changes in testicular light microscopic appearance and ATP
content were noted as result of the 2 hr of perfusion. Testosterone production
by the isolated perfused testes was reduced in a dose-related manner by
the addition of ethanol at 50-150 mg/dl. Moreover, both acetaldehyde and
acetic acid, products of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism respectively,
also inhibited testicular production of testosterone. In contrast, the addition
of 4-methylpyrazole or methylene blue to the perfusion medium did not alter
testosterone production significantly when compared to control perfusions
without these additives. Both agents, however, completely prevented the
adverse effects of ethanol upon testosterone production. Finally, penicillamine
prevented completely the reduction of testosterone associated with the addition
of acetaldehyde to the perfusate. Thus, ethanol is a gonadal toxin, acetaldehyde
and acetic acid can reduce testosterone production by the isolated perfused
rat testes, and the toxic effects of /ethanol/ can be prevented by the addition
of drugs known to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity, prevent redox
changes, or form Schiff bases with acetaldehyde. [Van Thiel DH et al; Endocrinology
109 (6): 2009-15 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** PHARMACOLOGY: THERAPEUTIC USES:
MEDICATION (VET): VESICANT, CAUSTIC, DESTRUCTION OF WARTS [Budavari, S.
(ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals.
Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 19]**PEER REVIEWED** /Acetic acid/
in 5% concn is bactericidal to many types of microorganisms, and it is bacteriostatic
at lower concn. It is applied prophylactically as a 1% solution in surgical
dressings and as a 0.25% solution during bladder catheterization and for
bladder irrigation. Otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas, Candida, or Aspergillus
is treated with 2 to 5% solutions. Concn of 5% are applied to extensive
burns to suppress the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is quite susceptible.
Vaginal douches with 0.25 and 1% solutions are used to treat infections
caused by Candida and Trichomonas and also as spermatocides. [Gilman, A.G.,
L.S.Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.,
1985. 961]**PEER REVIEWED** Solutions of 3% to 10% acetic acid (in vinegar)
have been shown to rapidly inactivate the penetrating nematocysts of Chironex
fleckeri. [Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's
Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed.
Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997. 1795]**PEER REVIEWED** DRUG WARNINGS:
The antiseptic ... 0.25% acetic acid was directly applied to cultured human
fibroblasts to quantitatively assess its cytotoxicity. It was cytotoxic
and adversely affected wound healing in an animal model. Comparison of bactericidal
and cytotoxic effects of serial dilutions indicated that cellular toxicity
exceeded its bacterial potency. ... This experiment provides evidence that
0.25% acetic acid is unsuitable for use in wound care. [Lineaweaver W, et
al; Arch Surg 120 (3): 267-70 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** INTERACTIONS: The
effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid upon testicular production
of testosterone was studied utilizing the isolated perfused rat testes.
In addition the effects of 4-methylpyrazole and methylene blue were evaluated
alone and with the addition of ethanol, finally, the effect of penicillamine
alone and with the addition of acetaldehyde to the perfusion medium was
assessed. No changes in testicular light microscopic appearance and ATP
content were noted as result of the 2 hr of perfusion. Testosterone production
by the isolated perfused testes was reduced in a dose-related manner by
the addition of ethanol at 50-150 mg/dl. Moreover, both acetaldehyde and
acetic acid, products of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism respectively,
also inhibited testicular production of testosterone. In contrast, the addition
of 4-methylpyrazole or methylene blue to the perfusion medium did not alter
testosterone production significantly when compared to control perfusions
without these additives. Both agents, however, completely prevented the
adverse effects of ethanol upon testosterone production. Finally, penicillamine
prevented completely the reduction of testosterone associated with the addition
of acetaldehyde to the perfusate. Thus, ethanol is a gonadal toxin, acetaldehyde
and acetic acid can reduce testosterone production by the isolated perfused
rat testes, and the toxic effects of /ethanol/ can be prevented by the addition
of drugs known to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity, prevent redox
changes, or form Schiff bases with acetaldehyde. [Van Thiel DH et al; Endocrinology
109 (6): 2009-15 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE SUMMARY: Acetic acid occurs throughout nature
as a normal metabolite of both plants and animals. Acetic acid may also
be released to the environment in a variety of waste effluents, in emissions
from combustion processes, and in exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines.
If released to air, a vapor pressure of 15.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates
acetic acid should exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase
acetic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced
hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to
be 22 days. Physical removal of vapor-phase acetic acid from the atmosphere
occurs via wet deposition processes based on the miscibility of this compound
in water. In acetate form, acetic acid has also been detected in atmospheric
particulate material. If released to soil, acetic acid is expected to have
very high to moderate mobility based upon measured Koc values, using nearshore
marine sediments, ranging from 6.5 to 228. No detectable sorption was measured
for acetic acid using two different soil samples and one lake sediment.
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important
fate process based upon a measured Henry's Law constant of 1X10-9 atm-cu
m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur based upon the vapor
pressure of this compound. Biodegradation in both soil and water is expected
to be rapid; a large number of biological screening studies has determined
that acetic acid biodegrades readily under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
For example, 75% degradation was reported in 14 days using garden soil as
an inoculum. Using microbes from 3 polluted surface waters, 36% of the Theoretical
BOD was reached in 5 days. If released into water, acetic acid is not expected
to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based on aquatic adsorption studies.
Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate
process based on its measured Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of
< 1 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms
is low. Since acetic acid exists ubiquitously in the environment, the general
public is continuously exposed to the compound. Primary routes of exposure
to acetic acid are through oral consumption of foods and inhalation of air.
Occupational exposure occurs through inhalation and dermal contact. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE: Acetic acid detn in
rainwater. [Gillett RW, Ayers GP; Anal Chim Acta 177: 273-7 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED** NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that
595,346 workers (236,213 of these are female) are potentially exposed to
acetic acid in the US(1). Acetic acid occurs ubiquitously and is a normal
metabolite in animals; therefore, the general population is continually
exposed to the compound. Primary routes of exposure to the general population
are through consumption of foods and inhalation of air. Occupational exposure
occurs through inhalation and dermal contact(SRC). [(1) NIOSH; National
Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED** Emission of
acetic acid during extrusion of polyethylene resins was measured as <
0.17 lbs/million lbs for blown film and blow molding and ranged from <
0.17 to 2.0 lbs/million lbs for extrusion coating (higher value for extrusion
at higher melt temperature)(1). [(1) Barlow A et al; J Air & Waste Manage
Assoc 46: 569-80 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED** BODY BURDEN: Acetic acid was qualitatively
detected in 2 of 12 human milk samples collected from volunteers in four
US cities(1). Acetic acid at 19.9 mg/day was measured from non-specified
human emissions(2). [(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol
28: 322-8 (1982) (2) Otson R, Fellin P; in Gas Pollut: Charactization and
Cycling. Nriagu JO (ed), NY,NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc (1989)]**PEER
REVIEWED** AVERAGE DAILY INTAKE: AIR INTAKE: Assume ambient atmospheric
concns of 0.1-1.6 ug/cu m(1); 2-32 ug/day; WATER INTAKE: insufficient data;
FOOD INTAKE: insufficient data(SRC). [(1) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci
Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED** NATURAL POLLUTION SOURCES: Twenty-two
acids in ground roast coffees and instant coffees were determined by GLC
(gas liquid chromatography) of their silyl derivatives (after preseparation
by gel electrophoresis or isotachophoresis). The contribution to the total
acidity (which was estimated by titration to pH 8 after cation exchange
of the coffee solutions) was calculated for each individual acid. The acids
contribute 67% (roast coffee) and 72% (instant coffee) to the total acidity.
Citric acid (12.2% in roast coffee/10.7% in instant coffee), acetic acid
(11.2%/8.8%) and the high MW acids (8%/9%) contribute to the total acidity.
[Engelhardt UH, Maier HG; Z Lebensm-Unters-Forsch 181 (1): 20-3 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Acetic acid was reported as a reaction product from the biodegradation
of petroleum compounds in groundwater(1). Formation of acetic acid can occur
via the reaction of olefins with ozone in the atmosphere(2). Decomposition
of solid biological wastes produces acetic acid which is readily metabolized
by living organisms(3); acetic acid occurs as normal metabolite in both
plants and animals(3). It occurs naturally in various vegetation(4). [(1)
Cozzarelli IM et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58: 863-77 (1994) (2)
Grosjean D; Atmos Environ 26A: 3279-86 (1992) (3) Abrams EF et al; Identification
of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources. USEPA-560/3-75-002
p. 3 (1975) (4) Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. Sources,
Occurrence and Bioassay. Orlando,FL: Academic Press p. 345 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED** ARTIFICIAL POLLUTION SOURCES: Acetic acid's production and use
in the manufacture of various chemicals, explosives, lacquers, starch, sugars,
wines and vinegar and from wood distillation plants and textile mills(1,2)
may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
Atmospheric emissions occur from combustion of biomass, plastics and refuse
and in exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines(1-3). [(1) Abrams EF et
al; Identification of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources.
USEPA-560/3-75-002 p. 3 (1975) (2) Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical
Compounds. Sources, Occurrence and Bioassay. Orlando, FL: Academic Press
p. 345 (1986) (3) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE: TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification
scheme(1), Koc values of 6.5 to 228, measured in three nearshore marine
sediments(2) indicates that acetic acid is expected to have moderate to
very high mobility in soil(SRC). No sorption was reported for three different
soils/sediments(3). Volatilization of acetic acid from moist soil surfaces
is not expected to be important(4,SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1X10-9
atm-cu m/mole(5). The potential for volatilization of acetic acid from dry
soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based on a vapor pressure of 15.7 mm Hg(6).
The major environmental fate process for acetic acid in soil is biodegradation.
A large number of biological screening studies have determined that acetic
acid biodegrades readily under both aerobic(7-10) and anaerobic(11-13) conditions.
Using a modified Organization of Economic Cooperation Development (OECD)
protocol, 75% degradation was reported in 14 days using garden soil as an
inoculum(14). In a second soil study, a half-life of 24 minutes was measured
for radiolabeled acetic acid in a soil sample(15). [(1) Swann RL et al;
Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (2) Sansone JF et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
51: 1889-1896 (1987) (3) Von Oepen B et al; Chemosphere 22: 285-304 (1991)
(4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC:
Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (5) Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21:
519-24 (1987) (6) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst
Chem Eng. NY,NT: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1989) (7) Zahn R, Wellens H; Z Wasser
Abwasser Forsch 13: 1-7 (1980) (8) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11
(1975) (9) Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) (10)
Placak OR, Ruchhoft CC; Sewage Works J 19: 423-40 (1947) (11) Kameya T et
al; Sci Total Environ 170:43-51 (1995) (12) Mawson AJ et al; Wat Res 25:
1549-54 (1991) (13) Swindoll CM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 291-99 (1988)
(14) Kool HJ; Chemosphere 13: 751-61 (1984) (15) Van Beelen P, Fleuren-Kemila
AK; Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 26: 10-17 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED** AQUATIC
FATE: Two aqueous adsorption studies found that acetic acid exists primarily
in the water column(1,2). The dominant environmental fate process for acetic
acid in water is expected to be biodegradation(SRC). A large number of biological
screening studies have determined that acetic acid biodegrades readily under
aerobic(3-6) and anaerobic(7-9) conditions. In the AFNOR T 90/103 test,
36% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 5 days using microbes from 3 polluted
surface waters(4). Greater than 90% degradation was reported in 3 days using
an activated sludge inoculum in the Zahn-Wellens test(3). Acetic acid is
not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(10,SRC) based on a Henry's
Law constant of 1X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at pH 7(11). According to a classification
scheme(12), an estimated BCF of < 1(10,SRC), from a log Kow value(13),
suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).
[(1) Hemphill L, Swanson WS; Proc of the 18th Industrial Waste Conf, Eng
Bull Purdue Univ, Lafayette IN 18: 204-17 (1964) (2) Gordon AS, Millero
FJ; Microb Ecol 11: 289-98 (1985) (3) Zahn R, Wellens H; Z Wasser Abwasser
Forsch 13: 1-7 (1980) (4) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) (5)
Price KS et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) (6) Placak OR,
Ruchhoft CC; Sewage Works J 19: 423-40 (1947) (7) Kameya T et al; Sci Total
Environ 170:43-51 (1995) (8) Mawson AJ et al; Wat Res 25: 1549-54 (1991)
(9) Swindoll CM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 291-99 (1988) (10) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC:
Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9, 5-4, 5-10, 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (11) Gaffney JS et
al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-24 (1987) (12) Franke C et al; Chemosphere
29: 1501-14 (1994) (13) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR, Hydrophobic, Electronic,
and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc (1995)]**PEER
REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning
of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetic acid, which
has a vapor pressure of 15.7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), should exist solely as
a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetic acid is degraded in
the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC);
the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(3,SRC).
Due to its miscibility in water, acetic acid is likely to be removed physically
from the atmosphere by wet deposition(5). Over 91% of the total measured
acetic acid in an air sample was found in the gas phase(7). In acetate form,
acetic acid has also been detected in atmospheric particulate material(4,7).
Particulate acetate material may be physically removed by both wet and dry
deposition. The size distribution of acetic acid in atmospheric aerosol
samples is below 1.0 um diameter, suggesting that acetic acid in particulate
form has a gaseous precursor(7). Formic and acetic acid have been identified
as the major sources of free acidity in precipitation from remote regions
of the world(6). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988)
(2) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure
Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem
Eng. NY,NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1989) (3) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data.
Monograph No.1 (1989) (4) Gregory GL et al; J Geophys Res 91: 8603-12 (1986)
(5) Hartmann WR et al; Atmos Environ 23: 1531-33 (1989) (6) Keene WC, Galloway
JN; Atmos Environ 18: 2491-7 (1984) (7) Khwaja HA; Atmos Environ 29: 127-39
(1995)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL BIODEGRADATION: Biological oxygen
demand after 10 days at 20 deg C is: 82% biological oxidation in fresh water
and 88% biological oxidation in sea water [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental
Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,
1983. 144]**PEER REVIEWED** Closed bottle test, 5-30 day 51-99% theoretical
Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD(1). Warburg respirometer, 30-day 60% theoretical
BOD, acclimated sewage seed(2). Zahn-Wellens test, > 90% degradation
in 3 days using an activated sludge inocula(3). French Association for Standardization
(AFNOR) T 90/103 test, 5-day 36% theoretical BOD, microbes from 3 polluted
surface waters(4). Standard dilution BOD water, 5-day 57.7% theoretical
BOD avg(5). Water-die away tests, 12.3%/hr in estuarine water, 1.0%/hr in
Belgian coastal water, 0.06%/hr in open seawater(6). Standard dilution BOD
water, 76-96% theoretical BOD in 5-20 days; Seawater dilution, 66-100% theoretical
BOD in 5-20 days, sewage inocula(7). Batch aeration in sewage, 99.5% degradation
in 24 hr(8). Warburg respirometer, 24-hr 40% theoretical BOD, activated
sludge inocula(9). [(1) Fischer WK et al; Wasser-Und Abwasser-Forschung
7: 99-118 (1974) (2) Helfgott TB et al; An Index of Refractory Organics.
USEPA-600/2-77-174 (1977) (3) Zahn R, Wellens H; Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch
13: 1-7 (1980) (4) Dore M et al; Trib Cebedeau 28: 3-11 (1975) (5) Heukelekian
H, Rand MC; J Water Pollut Control Assoc 29: 1040-53 (1955) (6) Billen G
et al; Estuarine Coastal Marine Sci 11: 279-94 (1980) (7) Price KS et al;
J Water Pollut Control Fed 46: 63-77 (1974) (8) Placak OR, Ruchhoft CC;
Sewage Works J 19: 423-40 (1947) (9) Malaney GW, Gerhold RM; J Water Pollut
Control Fed 41: R18-R33 (1963)]**PEER REVIEWED** Warburg respirometer, 5-day
77% theoretical BOD, sewage inocula(1). Batch aeration, virtual loss of
BOD in 6 hr, settled domestic sewage inocula(2). Standard dilution BOD water,
5-day 81.3% theoretical BOD, 5-day 77.6% theoretical BOD(3). Standard dilution
BOD water, 5-day 63.2% theoretical BOD, sewage inocula(4). Electrolytic
respirometer test, 10-day 87% theoretical BOD(5). Laboratory-scale anaerobic
digester, microbial decay coefficient of 0.283/day(6). Modified Organization
of Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) protocol, 75% degradation in
14 days using garden soil as inocula, > 90% degradation in 14 days using
sediment from the Rhine River as inocula(7). Biofilm column study, 95% removal
under aerobic conditions, 99% removal under methanogenic conditions(8).
[(1) Dias FF, Alexander M; Appl Microbial 22: 1114-8 (1971) (2) Hatfield
R; Ind Eng Chem 49: 192-6 (1957) (3) Takemoto S et al; Suishitsu Odaku Kenkyu
4: 80-90 (1981) (4) Saito T et al; Fresenius Z Anal Chem 319: 433-4 (1984)
(5) Urano K, Kato Z; J Hazardous Mater 13: 147-59 (1986) (6) Lin C et al;
Water Res 20: 385-94 (1986) (7) Kool HJ; Chemosphere 13: 751-61 (1984) (8)
Bouwer EJ, McCarty PL; Ground Water 22: 433-40 (1984) (9) Strayer RF, Tiedje
JM; Appl Environ Microbiol 36: 330-40 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED** Laboratory-scale
anaerobic digester, microbial decay coefficient of 0.283/day(1). Modified
Organization of Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) protocol, 75% degradation
in 14 days using garden soil as inoculum, > 90% degradation in 14 days
using sediment from the Rhine River as inoculum(2). Mineralization of acetic
acid, at an initial concn of 1000 ppm in four screening tests, reached 52-76%
in 7 days, 71-87% in 84 days, 50% in 5 days, and 80% in 80 days(3). Biofilm
column study, 95% removal under aerobic conditions, 99% removal under methanogenic
conditions(4). 99-100% anaerobic mineralization was measured for acetic
acid, initially at 30 mg C/L, in 7 days in a screening test(5). A rate coefficient
of 0.35 per day was reported for acetic acid, initially at 2000 ppm, in
an anaerobic batch digestion experiment(6). Acetic acid, added to an aquifer
solids slurry, was biodegraded with an aerobic first-order rate constant
of 3.79 per day; a turnover time of 60.8 hours was calculated from this
data(7). A half-life of 24 minutes was measured for radiolabeled acetic
acid in a soil sample(8). Acetic acid, present in rainwater at 2 to 17 um,
was biodegraded by bacteria found in the rainwater with a turnover rate
constant of 0.07 to 0.17 per hour(9). [(1) Lin C et al; Water Res 20: 385-94
(1986) (2) Kool HJ; Chemosphere 13: 751-61 (1984) (3) Huddleston RL et al;
In: Water Resour Symp 13(Land Treat.: Hazard Waste Manage Altern): 41-61
(1986) (4) Bouwer EJ, McCarty PL; Ground Water 22: 433-40 (1984) (5) Kameya
T et al; Sci Total Environ 170:43-51 (1995) (6) Mawson AJ et al; Wat Res
25: 1549-54 (1991) (7) Swindoll CM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 291-99
(1988) (8) Van Beelen P, Fleuren-Kemila AK; Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 26:
10-17 (1993) (10) Herlihy LJ et al; Atmos Environ 21: 2397-402 (1987)]**PEER
REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL ABIOTIC DEGRADATION: The rate constant for the
vapor-phase reaction of acetic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl
radicals has been measured as 7.40X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1).
This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 days at an atmospheric
concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). The rate constant for
the reaction of acetic acid with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution is
approximately 0.48-0.85X10+8 L/mol-sec(2,3); if the hydroxyl radical concn
of sunlit natural water is assumed to be 1X10-17 moles/L(4), the half-life
would be approximately 26-46 years(SRC). Carboxylic acids are generally
resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(5). [(1) Atkinson R; J Phys
Chem Ref Data. Monograph No. 1 (1989) (2) Anbar M, Neta P; Int J Appl Radiation
and Isotopes 18: 493-523 (1967) (3) Dorfman LM, Adams GE; Reactivity of
Hydroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solution, NSRD-NBS-46 Washington,DC: Natl Bureau
of Standards (1973) (4) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-7 (1980) (5) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill
p. 7-4 (1982)(2) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development
of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract
No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park,CA: SRI International (1987) (3) Lyman WJ et
al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer
Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCONCENTRATION:
Acetic acid shows no potential for biological accumulation or food chain
contamination. [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic
Acid (Draft) p.1 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** An estimated BCF of < 1 was
calculated for acetic acid(SRC), using a log Kow value of -0.17(1) and a
regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3),
this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms
is low(SRC). [(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR, Hydrophobic, Electronic,
and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. ACS: Washington,DC (1995) (2) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC:
Amer Chem Soc pp. 5-4, 5-10 (1990) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14
(1994)]**PEER REVIEWED** SOIL ADSORPTION/MOBILITY: In 24 hr aqueous adsorption
studies using montmorillonite and kaolinite clay adsorbents, 2.4-30.4% of
added acetic acid was observed to be in the adsorbed phase(1). In adsorption
studies using the adsorbent hydroxyapatite (a mineral which occurs in the
environment as a result of the diagenesis of skeletal apatite), only 5%
of added acetic acid (in aqueous solution) became adsorbed to the hydroxyapatite(2).
Acetic acid has been noted to leach from biological disposal areas(3). 9
to 23% adsorption of acetic acid to 3 nearshore marine sediments collected
from three different locations (clastic mud, 3.5% organic carbon; lateritic
muddy sand, 1.3% organic carbon; fine carbonate sand; 0.17% organic carbon)
was measured; Kd values of 0.65 (Koc=228), 0.085 (Koc=6.5), and 0.046 (Koc=27)
were measured for the clastic mud, muddy sand, and carbonate sand, respectively(4).
No detectable sorption was measured for acetic acid using the OECD Guideline
106 method; three different soils were used, an acidic forest soil, an agricultural
soil, and a lake sediment(5). [(1) Hemphill L, Swanson WS; Proc of the 18th
Industrial Waste Conf, Eng Bull Purdue Univ, Lafayette IN 18: 204-17 (1964)
(2) Gordon AS, Millero FJ; Microb Ecol 11: 289-98 (1985) (3) Abrams EF et
al; Identification of Organic Compounds in Effluents from Industrial Sources.
USEPA-560/3-75-002 p. 3 (1975) (4) Sansone JF et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 51: 1889-1896 (1987) (5) Von Oepen B et al; Chemosphere 22: 285-304
(1991)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid has a pKa of 4.76 at 25 deg C(1); therefore,
it will exist predominantly in the anionic form in the environment. The
adsorption characteristics of an anionic species may be different from the
neutral species, and cannot be predicted adequately without experimental
data(SRC). [(1) Serjeant EP, Dempsey B; Ionisation Constants of Organic
Acids in Aqueous Solution. IUPAC Chemical Data Series No. 23. NY,NY: Pergamon
Press. (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** VOLATILIZATION FROM WATER/SOIL: The Henry's
Law constant for acetic acid has been measured to range from 1X10-7 atm-cu
m/mole at pH 4 to 1X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at pH 7(1). This Henry's Law constant
indicates that acetic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from
water surfaces(2,SRC). These Henry's Law constant values(1) suggest that
volatilization from moist soil surfaces should not occur(SRC). The potential
for volatilization of acetic acid from dry soil surfaces may exist based
on a vapor pressure of 15.7 mm Hg(2), determined from a fragment constant
method(3). [(1) Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-24 (1987)
(2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington
DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical
and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design
Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY,NY: Hemisphere Pub Corp (1989)]**PEER
REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL WATER CONCENTRATIONS: GROUNDWATER: Acetic acid
was qualitatively detected in groundwater from a landfill well in Norman,
OK in 1972(1). Levels of 0.66-4.60 ppm were identified in groundwater below
a closed wood treatment facility in Pensacola, FL in 1984(2). Acetic acid
was qualitatively identified in groundwater associated with an Australian
quarry where dumping of organic wastes had occurred(3). Acetic acid was
measured in the groundwater downgradient of the Bemidji oil spill in 1990
at concns from 1.47 to 12.5 uM(4). Acetic acid was reported in groundwater
at a concn of 43 ug/l in a shallow coastal plain aquifer near Atlantic City,
NJ in 1990(5). Acetic acid at concns from 3.52 to 67.1 mg/l was measured
in groundwater from the Pensacola, FL aquifer which had been contaminated
with wood-preserving chemicals(6). [(1) Dunlap WJ et al; Organic Pollutants
Contributed to Ground Water by a Landfill. USEPA-600/0-76-004 p. 106 (1976)
(2) Goerlitz DF et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 955-61 (1985) (3) Stepan
S et al; Austral Water Resources Council Conf Ser 1: 415-24 (1981) (4) Cozzarelli
IM et al; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58: 863-77 (1994) (5) Cozzarelli
IM et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 458-69 (1995) (6) Goerlitz DF; in Environ
Sci Polut Control Ser 4(Groundwater Contamination and Analysis at Hazardous
Waste Sites): 295-355 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED** SURFACE WATER: Acetic acid
was detected at concns of 12-198 ppb in the Scheldt estuary in Belgium during
1977-8(1). Levels of 75-300 ppb were found at various depths of Lake Kizaki
in Japan(2). Concns of 13-72, 6-12, and 25 ppb were detected in Ohio, Little
Miami, and Tannes Rivers, respectively(3). Concns generally below 0.1 ppb
were monitored in the Lee River in Great Britain(4). [(1) Billen G et al;
Estuarine Coastal Marine Sci 11: 279-94 (1980) (2) Hama T, Handa N; Jap
J Limnol 42: 8-19 (1981) (3) Murtaugh JJ, Bunch RL; J Water Pollut Control
Fed 37: 410-5 (1965) (4) Waggot A; Chem Water Reuse 2: 55-9 (1981)]**PEER
REVIEWED** SEAWATER: Acetic acid was detected at concns of 2.4-144 ppb near
the Belgian coast and 12-240 ppb near Calais on the English Channel during
1977-8 monitoring(1). [(1) Billen G et al; Estuarine Coastal Marine Sci
11: 279-94 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** RAIN/SNOW: Rainwater collected in Wilmington,
NC between 1987 and 1990 contained acetic acid from 1.3 to 8.4 uM; concns
were highly correlated with hydrogen ion, nitrate, and non-sea-salt sulfate(1).
Higher concns were reported for local thunderstorms and were lowest in maritime
storm rain(1). Rainwater collected by event during January to March 1985
at Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY, contained acetic acid at concns from
0.1 to 0.4 ppm; snow contained acetic acid at concns from trace quantities
to 0.3 ppm(2). Rainwater and snow collected at different locations, both
urban and nonurban, in southern California from 1982 to 1984 contained acetic
acid at 0.37 to 13.45 uM(3). Acetic acid was measured in cloud water obtained
at a forested ridge top in central Virginia, September 1990, at 2.8 to 7.4
uM(4). Fogwater obtained from Corvallis, OR in 1989 contained acetic acid
at concns from 8.3 to 233.1 uN(5). Acetic acid was measured in both dew
and fog from Altos de Pipe, Venezuala at concns from 4.9-15.2uM and 4.3-12.7
uM, respectively(6). [(1) Avery GB Jr et al; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1875-80
(1991) (2) Hoffman WA Jr, Tanner RL; Detection of Organic Acids in Atmospheric
Precipitation. BNL-51922 (NTIS DE86 005294). Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Environ Chem Div Dept Appl Sci. (1986) (3) Kawamura K et al; Atmos Environ
30: 1035-52 (1996) (4) Keene WC et al; J Geophys Res 100: 9345-57 (1995)
(5) Muir PS; J Air Waste Manage 41: 32-38 (1991) (6) Sanhueza E et al; Atmos
Environ 26A: 1421-26 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED** EFFLUENT CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic
acid was qualitatively detected in wastewater effluents from publicly owned
treatment works (POTW) in Decatur and Bensenville, IL(1). Acetic acid concns
of 125 ppm were identified in wastewaters from a coal gasification facility
in North Dakota(2). Wastewater from a shale oil process in Australia contained
140 ppm acetic acid(3). Acetic acid was detected in leachate from a sanitary
landfill in Barcelona, Spain(4). Acetic acid has reportedly been detected
in wastewater effluents from chemical, resin, and paper manufacturing plants,
from various landfill leachates, and from sewage treatment facilities(5,10).
Acetic acid is released to water during manufacture of dimethyl terephthalate
and acetaldehyde, and to air during the production of acrylic acid and acrylic
ester(6). Acetic acid was emitted at a mean concn of 0.22 mg/sq m/hr from
article board with attached carpet using a test chamber method(7). Using
a large-scale environmental chamber, acetic acid was identified in the emission
from a carpet with a PVC backing(8). Acetic acid was identified in the emissions
from rubberized jute cushions at unreported concns(9). [(1) Ellis DD et
al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 11: 373-82 (1982) (2) Giabbai MF et al;
Intern J Environ Anal Chem 20: 113-29 (1985) (3) Dobison KR et al; Water
Res 19: 849-56 (1985) (4) Albaiges J et al; Water Res 20: 1153-9 (1986)
(5) Shackelford WM, Keith LM; Frequency of Organic Compounds Identified
in Water. USEPA-600/4-76-062 p. 47-8 (1976) (6) Carpenter CE et al; Toxic
Substances J 10: 323-71 (1990) (7) Colombo A et al; Sci Total Environ 91:
237-49 (1990) (8) Hodgson AT et al; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 43: 316-24
(1993) (9) Schaeffer VH et al; J Air & Waste Manage Assoc 46: 813-20
(1996) (10) Yan CT, Jen JF; Analytica Chimica Acta 259: 259-64 (1992)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Acetic acid was emitted from burning polyethylene as an oxidative
degradation product(1). Acetic acid was found in oil-shale gas-condensate
retort water and in process retort water at 3.4 mg/l and 1188 mg/l, respectively(2).
Acetic acid was identified in the stack emission during waste incineration(3).
Acetic acid concns were measured in smoke condensates of Ponderosa pine
wood (4.4 g/kg smoldering; 0.34 g/kg flaming), needles (7.6 g/kg smoldering),
bark (5.4 g/kg smoldering; 3.3 g/kg self-substained smoldering), litter
(2.4 g/kg smoldering; 1.3 g/kg self-substained smoldering), duff (0.85 g/kg
smoldering; 0.66 g/kg self-substained smoldering), and humus (0.19 g/kg
smoldering)(4). Acetic acid was measured in active compost blower exhaust
at 2574 ug/cu-m from a wastewater treatment sludge/wood chip compost pile(5).
Acetic acid (concns not reported) was a component of volatile organics collected
from garden waste exudate, and in laboratory studies in the head space of
waste material.(6). [(1) Hodgkin JH et al; J Macromol Sci-Chem A17: 35-44
(1982) (2) Leenheer JA et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 714-23 (1982) (3)
Junk GA, Ford CS; Chemosphere 9: 187-230 (1980) (4) McKenzie LM et al; Environ
Sci Technol 29: 2047-54 (1995) (5) Van Durme GP et al; Water Environ Res
64: 19-27 (1992) (6) Wilkins K, Larsen K; Chemosphere 32: 2049-2055 (1996)]**PEER
REVIEWED** SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid concns of 17.3-48.5
mmol/kg wet mud were detected in bottom sediments of Lake Biwa in Japan,
however, no acetic acid was found in the interstitial water(1). Concns of
0.133-1.836 mg/g (dry wt) were detected in sediments from Loch Eil in Scotland(2);
water removed from sediments contained levels of 0.244-0.251 mg/ml(2). [(1)
Maeda H, Kawai A; Bull Japan Soc Sci Fisheries 52: 1205-8 (1986) (2) Miller
D et al; Marine Biology 50: 375-83 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC
CONCENTRATIONS: URBAN/SUBURBAN: Mean atmospheric concns in Los Angeles,
CA between July and Sept 1984 were 0.262-3.90 ppb(1). Levels of 1-6 ppb
were reported for ambient air in Tucson, AZ(1). Acetic acid concns from
a source-dominated coastal site and a smog-receptor inland site ranged from
1.9-3.5 (summer)/4.5-9.4 (fall) and 2.5-5.1 (summer) ppb, respectively(2).
Air samples collected from the Pomona College campus, Claremont, CA in September
1985, contained acetic acid at concns from 2.5 to 9.5 ppb(3). Acetic acid
was reported in air samples collected from Palm Springs and Perris, CA giving
seasonal averages ranging from 0.4-2.3 (high=6.6 ppb) and 0.6 to 2.2 ppb
(high=7.8 ppb), respectively(4). Air samples collected from the Citrus College,
Glendora, CA, a California South Coast Air Basin smog receptor site, contained
acetic acid with 4- and 8-hour averaged concns from 2 to 16 ppb(5). concns
of acetic acid over central Germany ranged from 0.72 to 1.24 ppbv for marine
influence and continental anticyclone weather, respectively(6). Acetic acid
concns, obtained from a semiurban site (Schenectady, NY) over a 2-day period
in 1991, ranged from 0.60 to 3.4 ppbv(7). concns of acetic acid in air collected
in Uniontown, PA (during summer 1990) and Boston, MA (during summer 1991)
ranged from 0-44.6 ppbv (average=9.3 ppbv) to 1.8-14.8 ppbv (average=5.4
ppbv), respectively(8). Air samples collected from Fukaya, Takasaki, and
Karuizawa, Japan in 1986, contained average acetic acid concns of 4.71,
3.96, and 3.48 ppb, respectively, due to long-range transport of smog from
the coastal region near Tokyo(9). [(1) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol
19: 1082-6 (1985) (2) Grosjean D; ACS, Division of Environ Chem. Preprints
of papers presented at the 198th ACS Natl Meet. V29(2):210-11 (1989) (3)
Grosjean D; Atmos Environ 22: 1637-48 (1988) (4) Grosjean D, Williams ELII;
J Air Waste Manage Assoc 42: 805-9 (1992) (5) Grosjean D; Environ Sci Technol
23: 1506-14 (1989) (6) Hartmann WR et al; Atmos Environ 23: 1531-33 (1989)
(7) Khwaja HA; Atmos Environ 29: 127-39 (1995) (8) Lawrence JE, Koutrakis
P; Environ Sci technol 28: 957-64 (1994) (9) Satsumabayashi H et al; Tellus
41B: 219-29 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** INDOOR AIR: Acetic acid concns of 40-224
ug/cu m were detected in indoor air of homes in Italy(1). Indoor air samples
from 26 of 26 houses with Sick Building Syndrome contained acetic acid at
a medium relative abundance when compared with other compounds present in
that sample(6); acetic acid concns were not given for indoor air from normal
houses(2). Acetic acid was measured in indoor air samples from 4 residences
in the winter of 1993 (14 samples indoors, mean=15.5 ppb, maximum=19.9 ppb;
8 samples outdoors, mean=1.8 ppb, maximum=3.2 ppb) and in 9 residences in
the summer of 1993 (26 samples indoors, mean=17.8 ppb, maximum=33.1 ppb;
17 samples outdoors, mean=2.0 ppb, maximum=6.2 ppb) in Boston, MA(3). 10
(7 indoor, 3 outdoor) of 16 samples (12 indoor, 4 outdoor) from 4 buildings
contained acetic acid(4). [(1) Debortoil M et al; Environ Int 12: 343-50
(1986) (2) Kostiainen R; Atmos Environ. 29: 693-702 (1995) (3) Reiss R et
al; J Air & Manage Assoc 45: 811-22 (1995) (4) Wallace L et al; Volatile
Organic Chemicals in 10 Public-Access Buildings. US EPA report. EPA/600/D-87/152
(1987)]**PEER REVIEWED** RURAL/REMOTE AIR: The acetic acid concn of the
atmospheric aerosol collected over a wet tropical forest in Guyana in 1984
ranged from 2-11 ng/cu m(1). Acetic acid was measured in air samples at
four sites along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada (Blodgett, Yosemite,
Giant Forest, and Tehachapi, CA) at concns from approximately 0.5 to 13
ppb(2). Acetic acid was measured in air samples from Altos de Pipe, Venezuela
at 0.54 (rainy season) to 1.4 (dry season) ppb(3). Air samples collected
from semi-rural areas in Austria contained acetic acid; gas-phase concns
from 0.4-0.8, 0.4-0.8, and 0.3-0.4 ppb were measured for Exelberg, Raasdorf,
and Schoeneben, respectively(4). [(1) Gregory GL et al; J Geophys Res 91:
8603-12 (1986) (2) Harrington RF et al; Atmos Environ 27A: 1843-49 (1993)
(3) Sanhueza E et al; Atmos Environ 26A: 1421-26 (1992) (4) Puxbaum H et
al; Atmos Environ 22: 2841-50 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED** FOOD SURVEY VALUES:
Acetic acid was identified as the major volatile constituent of commercial
brown sugars(1); concns ranging from 31-827 ppm were detected in 26 brown
sugars collected worldwide(1); the source of the acetic acid in brown sugars
collected from bacterial action on sucrose waters used in its production(1).
Acetic acid was qualitatively detected as a volatile component of fried
bacon, smoked pork, baked potatoes, soy sauce and roasted filbert nuts(2-5).
[(1) Godshall MA, DeLuca AJ; J Agric Food Chem 32: 390-3 (1984) (2) Coleman
EC et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 42-8 (1981) (3) Ho CT et al; J Agric Food
Chem 31: 336-42 (1983) (4) Kinlin TE et al; J Agric Food Chem 20: 1021-8
(1972) (5) Shibamato T et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 57-63 (1981)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Acetic acid was measured as a volatile compound in popped popcorn
at a concn of 4000 ug/kg(1), and in the extract of edible Korean chamchwi(2),
cured pork(3), and volatiles from boiled short-necked clams, clams, and
corbicula(4) at unreported concns. Volatile compounds from Bisbee Delicious
apples included acetic acid present at concns from 25.6 to 3505.0 pico-l/kg-hr
depending on the date of harvest(5). Acetic acid was reported in 7 different
wines, ciders, and dessert wines and brandies from Germany at concns from
80 to 363 mg/l(6). [(1) Buttery RG et al; J Agric Food Chem 45: 837-43 (1997)
(2) Chung TY et al; J Agric Food Chem 41: 1693-97 (1993) (3) Hinrichsen
LL, Andersen HJ; J Agric Food Chem 42: 1537-42 (1994) (4) Kubota K et al;
J Agric Food Chem 39: 1127-30 (1991) (5) Mattheis JP et al; J Agric Food
Chem 39: 1902-6 (1991) (6) Sponholz WR et al; Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau
85: 247-51 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED** PLANT CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid occurs
in various plants, such as in essential oil from juniper(1). Acetic acid
occurs in tobacco(2). [(1) Nicholas HJ; p. 382-3 in Phytochemistry; Miller
LP ed NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold (1973) (2) Johnston RAW, Plimmer JR; Chem
Rev 59: 885-936 (1959)]**PEER REVIEWED** FISH/SEAFOOD CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic
acid occurs as a volatile emission product during fish processing(1). [(1)
Graedel TE et al; Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. Sources, Occurrence, and
Bioassay. Orlando, FL: Academic Press p. 345 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** ANIMAL
CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic acid was identified as a component of poultry manure
(at concns from 9.17 to 464 mg/kg)(1) and was responsible for a vinegar-like
odor(2). [(1) Yasuhara A; J Chrom 387: 371-78 (1987) (2) Burnett WE; Environ
Sci Technol 3: 744-9 (1969)]**PEER REVIEWED** MILK CONCENTRATIONS: Acetic
acid was qualitatively detected in 2 of 12 human milk samples collected
from volunteers in four US cities(1). [(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS:
Gasoline engine exhaust from a 1982 Toyota Corolla contained 31.81 ppb acetic
acid(1). New motor oil contained 5.3 nmol/mL acetic acid while used motor
oil contained 145 nmol/ml. Acetic acid has been identified in tobacco smoke(2).
[(1) Kawamura K et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 1082-6 (1985) (2) Johnson
RAW, Plimmer JR; Chem Rev 59: 885-936 (1959)]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL
STANDARDS & REGULATIONS: FIFRA REQUIREMENTS: Residues of acetic acid
are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a catalyst
in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally
active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or
to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. [40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/97)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Residues of acetic acid are exempted from the requirement of
a tolerance when used as a catalyst (not more than 0.5% of pesticide formulation)
in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally
active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. [40 CFR
180.1001(e) (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** As the federal pesticide law FIFRA
directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to
consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about
their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines
health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered
before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration.
In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food
Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued
Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended
in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human
exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater
concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Acetic acid is found on List
D. Case No: 4001; Pesticide type: fungicide, antimicrobial; Case Status:
RED Approved 09/91; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide
are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility
Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Acetic acid; AI Status:
The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide
products ... "cancelled." [USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in
Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.289 (Spring, 1998) EPA
738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED** CERCLA REPORTABLE QUANTITIES: Persons in charge
of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center
(NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous
substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity
of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802;
In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining
when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS: This action
promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry
(SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly
constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the
best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment
leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental
impact and energy requirements. Acetic acid is produced, as an intermediate
or final product, by process units covered under this subpart. [40 CFR 60.489
(7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** CLEAN WATER ACT REQUIREMENTS: Designated as a
hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977
and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.[40 CFR
116.4 (7/1/90)] **QC REVIEWED** FDA REQUIREMENTS: Substance added directly
to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). [21 CFR 184.1005
(4/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acetic acid used as a general purpose food additive
in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as
safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
[21 CFR 582.1005 (4/1/97]**PEER REVIEWED** ALLOWABLE TOLERANCES: Residues
of acetic acid are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used
as a catalyst in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or
occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing
crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. [40 CFR 180.1001(c)
(7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** Residues of acetic acid are exempted from the
requirement of a tolerance when used as a catalyst (not more than 0.5% of
pesticide formulation) in accordance with good agricultural practices as
inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied
to animals. [40 CFR 180.1001(e) (7/1/97)]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES: MOLECULAR FORMULA: C2-H4-O2 **PEER REVIEWED** MOLECULAR WEIGHT:
60.05 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.
10]**PEER REVIEWED** COLOR/FORM: RHOMBIC CRYSTALS ( < 16.6 DEG C MELTING
POINT) [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-47]**PEER REVIEWED** Colorless
liquid or crystals [Note: Pure compound is a solid below 62 degrees F).
Often used in an aqueous solution]. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, June 1994. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** ODOR: Pungent [Budavari,
S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals.
Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sour, vinegar-like odor. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, June 1994. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** TASTE: Vinegar, sour, pungent; Upper
taste threshold: 1,000 ppm, Lower taste threshold: 300 ppm [Environment
Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.81 (1981)]**PEER
REVIEWED** BOILING POINT: 118 DEG C /SRP: at 765 torr/ [Budavari, S. (ed.).
The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals.
Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED**
MELTING POINT: 16.6 DEG C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996.,p. 3-5]**PEER
REVIEWED** CORROSIVITY: It is corrosive to metals. [Association of American
Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation.
Washington, DC: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives,
1994. 3]**PEER REVIEWED** Vapor knockdown water is corrosive. [Bureau of
Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.2 (1981)]**PEER
REVIEWED** GLACIAL ACETIC ACID (100%) IS HIGHLY CORROSIVE. [Gosselin, R.E.,
R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th
ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-102]**PEER REVIEWED** CRITICAL
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE: CRITICAL TEMP= 611 DEG F= 321.6 DEG C= 594.8
DEG K; CRITICAL PRESSURE= 839 PSIA= 57.1 ATM= 5.78 MN/SQ M [U.S. Coast Guard,
Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.0492 @ 20 DEG C/4 DEG C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.,
1995-1996.,p. 3-5]**PEER REVIEWED** DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS: pKa = 4.76 at
25 deg C [Serjeant EP, Dempsey B; Ionisation constants of organic acids
in aqueous solution. IUPAC Chem Data Ser No.23. NY,NY: Pergamon pp.989 (1979)]**PEER
REVIEWED** HEAT OF COMBUSTION: 209.02 kcal/gmole @ 25 deg C [Weast, R.C.
(ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Inc., 1988-1989.,p. D-274]**PEER REVIEWED** HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: 9,963.9
gcal/gmole [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-672]**PEER REVIEWED** OCTANOL/WATER
PARTITION COEFFICIENT: Log Kow = -0.17 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman.
Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington,
DC: American Chemical Society., 1995. 4]**PEER REVIEWED** PH: AQ SOLN 1.0
MOLAR= 2.4; 0.1 MOLAR= 2.9; 0.01 MOLAR= 3.4 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck
Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse
Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** SOLUBILITIES:
MISCIBLE WITH WATER, ALCOHOL, GLYCEROL, ETHER, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; PRACTICALLY
INSOLUBLE IN CARBON DISULFIDE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An
Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ:
Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** MISCIBLE WITH ACETONE, BENZENE;
SOL IN ALCOHOL [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-47]**PEER REVIEWED**
SPECTRAL PROPERTIES: MAX ABSORPTION (ALCOHOL): 208 NM (LOG E= 1.5) [Weast,
R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida:
CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-82]**PEER REVIEWED** SADTLER REF NUMBER: 76 (IR,
PRISM; V8 (NMR)) [Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979.,p. C-82]**PEER REVIEWED**
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.3718 @ 20 DEG C/D [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck
Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse
Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 10]**PEER REVIEWED** IR: 4819 (Coblentz
Society Spectral Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of
Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.
1985.,p. V1 15]**PEER REVIEWED** UV: 4-3 (Organic Electronic Spectral Data,
Phillips et al, John Wiley & Sons, New York) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle.
CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 15]**PEER REVIEWED** NMR: 8 (Varian Associates
NMR Spectra Catalogue) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data
on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p.
V1 15]**PEER REVIEWED** MASS: 36 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data, John Wiley
& Sons, New York) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data
on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p.
V1 15]**PEER REVIEWED** Intense mass spectral peaks: 43 m/z, 60 m/z [Pfleger,
K., H. Maurer and A. Weber. Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons
and their Metabolites. Parts I and II. Mass Spectra Indexes. Weinheim, FederalRepublic
of Germany. 1985. 47]**PEER REVIEWED** SURFACE TENSION: 28.8 dynes/cm @
10 deg C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. F-34]**PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR
DENSITY: 2.1 (AIR= 1) [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide
on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** VAPOR PRESSURE: 15.7 mm Hg at 25 deg
C /from experimentally derived coefficients/ [Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner.
Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation.
Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.]**PEER REVIEWED** RELATIVE EVAPORATION
RATE: Evaporation rate ... at 25 deg C and a wind speed of 4.5 m/sec (16.1
kg/hr) is 0.24 g/sq m/sec ... evaporation rates of 0.077 g/sq m/sec at 0
deg C and 0.42 g/sq m/sec at 30 deg C ... for wind speed of 4.5 m/sec. [Environment
Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.36 (1981)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Evaporation rate (butyl acetate= 1): 0.97 [Mackison, F. W., R.
S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER
REVIEWED** VISCOSITY: 1.22 CENTIPOISES @ 20 DEG C [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis,
Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES: DENSITY: 1.266 @ 16.60 DEG C (SOLID); 1.053 @ 16.67 DEG C (LIQ);
CONTRACTS SLIGHTLY ON FREEZING [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An
Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ:
Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 58]**PEER REVIEWED** Heat of fusion: 45.91 cal/g
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-666]**PEER REVIEWED** HYGROSCOPIC [Weast,
R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-47]**PEER REVIEWED** Burning rate: 1.6 mm/min
[Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.3
(1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** It weighs 8.8 lb/gal. [Bureau of Explosives; Emergency
Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.2 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Latent
heat of fusion: 11.5 kJ/mole (at melting point); Latent heat of sublimation:
53.2 kJ/mole (25 deg C) (est); Heat of formation: -484.3 kJ/mole (25 deg
C); Ionization potential: 10.66 eV; Heat of solution: -1,506 J/mole (25
deg C); Coefficient of thermal expansion: 1.071x10-3/deg C (20 deg C); Thermal
conductivity: 1.8x10-3 J/sq cm deg C (25 deg C); Saturation concn: 38 g/cu
m (20 deg C); Diffusivity: 0.1064 sq cm/sec (0 deg C), 1.24x10-5 sq cm/sec
(in water 25 deg C) [Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic
acid (Draft) p.4-5 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** Sublimes between -35 to 10 deg
C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. C-664]**PEER REVIEWED** Congeals about
-14 deg C [Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1256]**PEER REVIEWED**
VAPOR PRESSURE= 11.4 MM HG @ 20 DEG C [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of
Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984.
82]**PEER REVIEWED** Henry's Law constant = 1X10-7 atm-cu m/mol at 25 deg
C [Gaffney JS et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 519-23 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Acetic acid normally exists as a dimer both in the vapor phase and in solution.
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New
York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 121]**PEER REVIEWED**
CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING: DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES: Fire or explosion:
Flammable/combustible materials. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames.
Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source
of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will
spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements,
tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Some may
polymerize (P) explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to
sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated.
Many liquids are lighter than water. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid,
solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North
American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders
During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs
Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50),
Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Health: May cause toxic
effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Contact with substance may cause
severe burns to skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or
toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire
control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic
acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation.
1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First
Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods
Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training
(DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Public safety:
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area
immediately for at least 50 to 100 meters (160 to 330 feet) in all directions.
Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate
closed spaces before entering. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution,
more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the
Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** Protective clothing: Wear positive
pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective
clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide
little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing
is recommended for fire situations only; it is not effective in spill situations.
/Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S.
Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook.
A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous
Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S.
DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER
REVIEWED** Evacuation: Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved
in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider
initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Acetic
acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department
of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook
for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous
Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and
Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire: Some of these materials may react violently with water. Small fires:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Large fires: Water
spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if
you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal;
do not scatter the material. Do not get water inside containers. Fire involving
tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned
hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities
of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising
sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay
away from the ends of tanks. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders
or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire
burn. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response
Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of
aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation
(U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER
REVIEWED** Spill or Leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing
should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition
sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment
used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through
spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry
into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing
foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible
material and transfer to containers (except for Hydrazine). Use clean non-sparking
tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid
spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent
ignition in closed spaces. /Acetic acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution,
more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American
Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the
Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED** First aid: Move victim to fresh
air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial respiration if victim
is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or
inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket
mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device.
Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated
clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush
skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm
and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the
material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Acetic
acid, glacial; Acetic acid, solution, more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department
of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook
for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous
Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and
Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-132]**PEER REVIEWED**
Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may
cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe
burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation
may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic
and cause pollution. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more
than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Fire or explosion: Combustible material:
may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive
mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Some
may polymerize (P) explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact
with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when
heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a
molten form. /Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80%
acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency
Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial
Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department
of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration,
Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington,
D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Public safety: CALL Emergency Response
Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least
25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel
away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Acetic
acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department
of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook
for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous
Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and
Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED**
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended
by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended
for fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations. /Acetic
acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department
of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook
for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous
Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and
Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives
and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED**
Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire,
ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial
evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Acetic acid, solution,
more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation.
1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First
Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods
Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training
(DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Fire: Small
fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2,
alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if
you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal;
do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor
nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding
quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in
case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. /Acetic acid, solution, more than
10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996
North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders
During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident.
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs
Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50),
Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** Spill or leak: Eliminate
all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate
area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing
appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb
or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer
to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINER. /Acetic acid, solution,
more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S. Department of Transportation.
1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First
Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods
Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special
Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training
(DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER REVIEWED** First aid:
Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial
respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method
if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration
with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper
respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.
Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with
substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least
20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected
skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion
or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel
are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
/Acetic acid, solution, more than 10% but not more than 80% acid/ [U.S.
Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook.
A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous
Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S.
DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials
Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-153]**PEER
REVIEWED** ODOR THRESHOLD: Odor Threshold Range: 0.21 to 1.0 ppm [Environment
Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Acetic acid (Draft) p.1 (1981)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Detection in air is 24.3 ppm (chemically pure) [ASTM; Compilation
of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data p.61 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED** Odor
low: 2.5 mg/cu m; Odor high: 2,500 mg/cu m. [Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg J 47: A142-51
(1986)]**PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS: ... Eye
irritation has been noted at a concentration below 10 ppm. [Mackison, F.
W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational
Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123
(3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER
REVIEWED** The vapor of acetic acid is irritating to the eyes and nose,
causing lacrimation and hyperemia. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd
ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 40]**PEER REVIEWED**
Irritating concn: 25 mg/cu m. [Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg J 47: A142-51 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED** Strong irritant to skin & tissue. [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis,
Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** Respiratory irritant [Ellenhorn,
M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of
Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988.
889]**PEER REVIEWED** FIRE POTENTIAL: MODERATE, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR
FLAME ... [Hawley, G.G. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981. 6]**PEER REVIEWED** GIVES OFF FLAMMABLE
VAPOR ABOVE FLASH POINT, 109 DEG F. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire
Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National
Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** NFPA HAZARD
CLASSIFICATION: Health: 2. 2= Materials that, on intense or continued (but
not chronic) exposure, could cause temporary incapacitation or possible
residual injury, including those requiring the use of respiratory protective
equipment that has an independent air supply. These materials are hazardous
to health, but areas may be entered freely if personnel are provided with
full-face mask self-contained breathing apparatus that provides complete
eye protection. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER REVIEWED** Flammability: 2. 2= Includes materials
that must be moderately heated before ignition will occur and includes Class
II and IIIA combustible liquids and solids and semi-solids that readily
give off ignitible vapors. Water spray may be used to extinguish fires in
these materials because the materials can be cooled below their flash points.
[National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials.
10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER
REVIEWED** Reactivity: 1. 1= Includes materials that are normally stable,
but may become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures and materials
that will react with water with some release of energy, but not violently.
Fires involving these materials should be approached with caution. [National
Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10
th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER
REVIEWED** FLAMMABLE LIMITS: LOWER 4%; UPPER 16% [Sunshine, I. (ed.). CRC
Handbook of Analytical Toxicology. Cleveland: The Chemical Rubber Co., 1969.
600]**PEER REVIEWED** FLASH POINT: 103 DEG F (39 DEG C) (CLOSED CUP) [National
Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 10
th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p. 325M-11]**PEER
REVIEWED** 112 deg F (open cup); 104 deg F (closed cup) [U.S. Coast Guard,
Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE: 426 deg C [Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.).
Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., 1987. 7]**PEER REVIEWED** FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: Use water
spray, dry chemical, "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water
to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill has not ignited,
use water spray to disperse the vapors. If it is necessary to stop a leak,
use water spray to protect men attempting to do so. Water spray may be used
to flush spills away from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable
mixtures. [National Fire Protection Guide. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous
Materials. 10 th ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1991.,p.
49-14]**PEER REVIEWED** /When fighting fire/ use self-contained breathing
apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive
pressure mode. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr.
(eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards.
DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED** Solid streams of water may
be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of
water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Aqueous soln and
glacial/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** Extinguish fire
using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does
not burn or burns with difficulty. Apply water from as far a distance as
possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Corrosive
liquid/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** TOXIC COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS: Toxic gases and vapors (such as carbon monoxide) may be released
in a fire involving acetic acid. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L.
J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for
Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED** EXPLOSIVE
LIMITS & POTENTIAL: VAPORS FORM EXPLOSIVE MIX |
